Transformative Processes at Scale

A Landscape approach to change

Looking back at coherence and its challenges

In the first two articles of this series, I explored transformative participative group processes, what they can make possible and where they can lead into tricky terrain.

In Chasing Coherence, I explored how coherence is not about agreement or harmony, but about an emergent resonance that arises when people are willing to stay with difference and complexity. It is a field quality, not a consensus or a constructed alignment. Coherence appears as an emergent property when a group can hold tension, work with ambiguity, and allow something larger than individual agendas to surface. It is less about fixing or achieving, and more about cultivating the conditions where clarity, insight, and new patterns can emerge.

In The Trouble with Participative Processes, I looked at how easy it is to fall into traps that prevent coherence from forming (belonging traps, fixing traps, drama traps, and others). Participative methods, while powerful, can become self-referential if they overemphasise process for its own sake or shy away from discomfort. True participative work requires courage to stay with chaos and resist premature closure or the urge to control, steer, rescue or heal.

This article now takes a step further. While coherence can be transformative in a contained group setting, scaling that quality into larger collectives or systems requires a different lens. The question shifts from โ€œHow do we create coherence in the room?โ€ to โ€œHow do we work with the complex, often fragmented landscape of meaning and interaction across a wider ecology?โ€

After coherence, some ways forward

In the previous articles, I stopped at the threshold of coherence but didnโ€™t explore what happens once a group has landed there.

Coherence, that emergent sense of clarity and flow, is a powerful experience, yet it is not an end in itself. It opens doors. What comes after depends on how the group chooses to continue.[1] 

One path is to take the insights and run with them. The stage of coherence comes with novel ideas about anything you focus the light of sensory clarity on. This is harvest space, easily milked for novelty. Satisfied, you leave inspired, and perhaps, spin out a project, co-found a start-up, or design a new workshop with a few others. You stay in touch, you learn, and you carry this experience with you. This experience stays with you โ€“ not just the ideas, but the embodied memory of whatโ€™s possible when things truly land. You will always have this feeling reference point. Heads up: this can also spoil you to the point where you can no longer tolerate mediocre facilitation.

Another way forward is to form a community. You have been through a bumpy ride with the others. Judgements have been burnt away, and you realise you actually like those other mad people. You form a team, and something like a community of practice begins to take shape for these methods. You create a common language; you might recruit others. Now, there is another phase shift somewhere along the way: Over time, coherence fades into the background, and a healthy cohesion is mixed in. Other values may take precedence now, like sharing views and being together, like-minded. You start to form habits for how to be together. Over time, this generates familiarity, common values, and shared language. This can create a powerful sense of belonging. Just be aware if it turns sticky.


A third option is to stay in inquiry mode. You have become curious, asking: What else is possible? This means coming back for more process, deeper insight. And this means doing something slightly counterintuitive: disturbing the system again, deliberately. 

It doesnโ€™t mean starting over from zero. The groupโ€™s ability to navigate the shallows and the traps, their capacity for holding the process despite it and for reaching coherence have already been trained. And still, if you want to keep tapping that deeper field of clarity and emergence, you need to reintroduce difference again. Rattle the stage, reintroduce diversity. Invite different voices, fresh perspectives, and look at other, deeper challenges. Each cycle brings new coherence โ€“ richer, sharper, more layered, more fun. Repeat until satisfied.  [2] 

This is an incredibly rewarding mode. For me, it brought an incredible amount of life wisdom and insights through many group processes โ€“ four of them at Alderlore with Bonnie and Mushin โ€“ and in the time afterwards in other places, with other groups.

However, on a parallel track, I kept wondering. How can we possibly rely on individual growth or on group processes for wider change?

Beyond the Container into the Wild

All three paths are valid and rewarding in their own right. Yet none of them, on their own, create transformation at scale. They remain bound to the container โ€“ the place, the specific group, the shared moment in time. To reach larger collectives or systems, we need to step out of the container and into the wild.

Group processes, as rewarding and powerful as they are, hit their limits when we look toward systemic change. Two major constraints stand out. First, the input costs are high: energy, attention, discipline, and a willingness to engage deeply. Not every context can sustain that. Second โ€“ and more fundamentally โ€“ group processes donโ€™t scale very well. You canโ€™t simply do such a process in a larger, diffuse collective.

Scaling: From Individual to Group to Collective โ€ฆ

โ€ฆdoesnโ€™t work, at least not linearly.

Itโ€™s easy to assume that transformation scales in linear ascension โ€“ first the individual, then the group, and then the collective. But this is a false friend. The shift from individual to group already involves a phase change: a group process operates under its own dynamics and logics. Individuals develop, collectives evolve (Roy & Trudel, 2011). Collective change is, by its very nature, an ecological process. They operate by different principles.

You canโ€™t add up individual transformations and expect a system to shift. This, along with the developmental bias, remains one of the most persistent misunderstandings in the change field and in many leadership programmes: the belief that a) change works linearly, in a mechanistic way, and that b) collective transformation is just the sum of changed individuals. [3] 

A few years ago, while exploring the German and Swiss markets, I interviewed with a company in the car manufacturing sector. They asked how I would allocate 100 consultancy hours for a merger. I laughed, refusing to step into the obvious trap of a reductionist answer. Later, they called:

โ€œMrs Caspari, you see change as a process?โ€

โ€œYeeeesโ€ฆ?โ€

โ€œThen we canโ€™t work with you.โ€

The next shift, from group to collective, is different again. A contained group has clear boundaries, a shared container, and curated conditions. The trust generated in a group process, the coherence-as-emergent-property of a well-held group canโ€™t be rolled out by widening the scope to include a whole team, department, company, or neighbourhood.  

Scaling change requires a different lens, one that can work with the rich, complex, fragmented landscape beyond the contained room. The logic of a wider collective is ecological in a different sense โ€“ it requires working with patterns, flows, and attractors rather than with structured processes or shared intentions.[4] 

Landscape ecologies

The ecological approach has been the common thread in my work for nearly four decades: tracking the deeper substrates and systemic patterns that shape how things grow, connect, or come undone.

In landscape work, the starting point is always the current conditions and their potential for rewilding or harvesting โ€“ the soil, the exposure, the existing biodiversity. In human systems, the substrate and site conditions are more abstract, but the principle holds. 

The starting points and boundary conditions of larger collectives are fundamentally different from those of a group coming together to explore processes. A larger collective is diffuse. People come and go. They participate with varying levels of attention and commitment, and most of life happens in between the moments of gathering.

This is why, for example, the popular โ€œlaw of two feetโ€ in open space formats can sometimes be counterproductive to coherence or emergence, when participants simply leave when things get uncomfortable.

Moreover, in departments, organisations, neighbourhoods or cities, there is rarely a meaningful common denominator in terms of direction, unarticulated needs or explicit wants. The often-invoked pillars of โ€œshared valuesโ€  or โ€œpurposeโ€ may be helpful, if they are allowed to show up as emergent properties, but are usually too coarse, too abstract or too prescribed to function as genuine common ground.

We are dealing with a richly textured and detailed โ€˜landscape of attitudesโ€™, that includes convictions, behaviours, fears, frustrations, ideas, goals, and ways of making meaning โ€“ all shaped by the complexity, ambiguity, and tensions of everyday lived experience.

This diversity is not a problem; itโ€™s what makes a system adaptive. But it does mean that rather than focusing on scaling up what works in small groups or with large top-down change initiatives, we might begin to look beneath the surface, to the underlying conditions that give rise to patterns of behaviour, resilience, or stuckness in collectives. [5] 

Reading the landscape through sense-making

To tend to a human ecology, we must first learn to read it. This is what we learned from Dave Snowden and his work, a thought leader in the field of applied complexity science and, luckily for us, a friend and mentor. His work introduced us to sense-making and anthro-complexity as vital ways to engage with change in larger collectives.

What first intrigued me about his work was this: when we ask differently, when we invite people to share descriptive accounts of their own lived experience, everyone can contribute. It opens the door to genuine collective sense-making. No one needs to be trained, changed, developed or told to change their values. This resonated with my growing discomfort around the question of scaling and the pervasive developmental bias we noticed alongside Bonnie (Roy) and Mushin (J. Schilling) in much of integral thinking.

Sense-making, at its core, is how people orient themselves in the world โ€“ how they assign meaning to everyday experience in order to act. In complexity, itโ€™s not about gaining full clarity. Itโ€™s about making just enough sense to make the next best step. 

Daveโ€™s methods of distributed ethnography, supported by the SenseMaker app, help us stay close to what is actually happening in the system. By collecting micro-narratives โ€“ short, self-interpreted stories โ€“ we gain a textured map of lived experience across a human system. These fragments of frustration, insight, tension, or possibility, told and qualified in the language of those who live them, form a real-time understanding of the collective landscape.

SenseMakerยฎ enables the gathering of large volumes of such narratives across diverse contexts. These fragments donโ€™t produce abstract conclusions but reveal a textured, fine-grained โ€œlandscape of small noticingsโ€. Within that landscape, patterns begin to show: emerging themes, tensions, outliers, and coherence forming in unexpected places.

We then use these narrative-based maps to design small, localised action portfolios. These are interventions that are not imposed from outside but respond directly to the contextual realities revealed by the stories. These actions can be tested safely, enabling us to learn with the system what is already working and what isnโ€™t, long before committing resources to larger-scale initiatives.

Rather than generating a fixed plan, this gives us a strategic view made up of many local, contextualised action portfolios. These are not top-down interventions but small, adaptive responses and experiments that can be tested safely in context. They help us learn with the system what is already working, what isnโ€™t, and what might need to shift before committing to broader change efforts.

Over time, these small moves can shift constraints, alter interactions, and change conditions in ways that make new behaviours possible, without requiring any personal transformation. These openings are what we call โ€œadjacent possiblesโ€ โ€“ areas of movement that exist just next to what is currently real.

What emerges is not a master plan but a strategic map of many contextualised action options. These interventions can shift constraints, conditions, or interactions in ways that allow new attractors to form and new behaviours to emerge โ€“ without requiring people to โ€œchangeโ€ in the conventional sense. We call these next-step opportunities within current realities the adjacent possibles.

This invites a different kind of inquiry:

  • What are peopleโ€™s underlying, often unarticulated needs (not opinions)?
  • What patterns do we want more of? What is unexpected or surprising?
  • Which patterns might we dampen or disrupt?
  • Where is something already working, and how could we support it?

As Dave puts it: โ€œWhat can we do tomorrow to have fewer stories like those โ€“ and more like these?โ€

This kind of mapping doesnโ€™t aim for agreement or alignment. Itโ€™s about tracking where energy is gathering and adjusting accordingly. It opens up concrete possibilities, with small actions that can be strengthened, paused, reversed, or withdrawn. What emerges is a living picture of how and where to move next. 

Change as the Sum Total of all Micro-Shifts

Small, rich interactions

Change does not happen by aligning everyone to a single plan, but through countless small interactions โ€“ in how people pay attention, engage, and participate differently.

People donโ€™t change by being told what to become; they change when the nature of their relationships shifts. Change happens when the relational field around them shifts, when conditions change, when familiar patterns begin to lose coherence and when new patterns of behaviour begin to make more sense than the old ones. Change also takes root when the new path is less costly โ€“ socially, emotionally, or economically, when energy gradients are favourable.

Beneficial coherence

In complexity work, we donโ€™t set fixed outcomes or goals. Instead, we describe the current terrain in enough fine-grained detail to see where movement is already possible โ€“ where energy is gathering and where people are open to something new.

From there, we make small, contextual nudges that support beneficial coherence โ€“ the spontaneous alignment that forms around local attractors.

Fun fact: Trying to go โ€œholisticโ€ with this approach makes little sense. No one can hold all viewpoints at this level of granularity. Nor should they. Nature itself optimises without any central intelligence or complete knowledge of the whole. This is about cultivating the conditions for a system to respond, adapt, and self-organise. Itโ€™s a landscape ecology approach to change.

The role of granularity

Dave Snowdenโ€™s playful example of how to organise a childrenโ€™s party illustrates this beautifully: success doesnโ€™t come from a rigid plan but from setting enabling constraints and responding in real time to what emerges.

Coherent change arises from the micro-level โ€“ from the fine granularity of real interactions, not from big-picture frameworks. Most change programmes misunderstand this. They operate at too abstract a level, missing the subtle shifts that actually move the system. But when we pay attention at the right level, to the interactions themselves, we start working with whatโ€™s genuinely generative. 

Two years ago, we watched a large, costly cultural change project for leaders in a manufacturing company fail like the 23 initiatives before it. The new metaphor they chose for the culture change was โ€œsystems engineering.โ€

Learning from Nature

Nature offers plenty of examples: swarms, rhizomes, and mycelial networks all create order without central control or grand design. Termite mounds, for instance, emerge from countless local interactions โ€“ the final shape canโ€™t be specified or engineered. Coherence shows up as regularities in recurring patterns, which can then be supported or amplified.

Emergent patterns must be spotted early. This is what determines whether a given vector โ€“ the directional momentum of change โ€“ is favourable or needs adjustment (Vector Theory of Change).

Micro-shifts all the way down

In complex systems, interactions, not individuals, are the smallest coherent units.

Change becomes visible, often in hindsight, as the cumulative effect of many micro-shifts of interactions in the relational field. These shifts are subtle adjustments in attention, expectation, or behaviour. They are contextual and non-linear. Sometimes they build gradually; sometimes they hit a tipping point, reshaping the whole field. Like changes in soil composition, they alter what can grow.

This approach propagates change through two mechanisms: amplifying beneficial patterns and disrupting entrenched assemblages. Recombination occurs between these local interactions. System-level shifts arise when enough micro-shifts begin to entangle and cohere.

This is where scaling begins. Using SenseMakerยฎ, we can map a narrative landscape across a large collective with the necessary fine granularity. We then work with the system, following what is already moving instead of forcing what canโ€™t be moved. This saves energy and reduces resistance.

Weโ€™re not trying to yank the system in a predetermined direction, but reading its current disposition and nudging where it is ready to shift. This makes change more sustainable, resilient, and elegant โ€“ and often far more affordable than top-down initiatives.

In this view, scale doesnโ€™t come through replication or linear rollouts but through ecological responses. Dave Snowden summarises this well: โ€œIn a complex adaptive system, scaling works by decomposition to the smallest coherent unit and then recombination.โ€ Think of how organic matter decomposes and becomes part of new life, or how DNA propagates. More mycelium than gears or cogs.


References & Links :

Baeck, Ria (2020): Collective Presencing: An emergent human capacity. Self-Published E-Book.

Bauwens, Michel (2014): Bonnita Roy on Grand Narratives in the P2P Age. Blog Post

Caspari, Anne. & Schilling, Mushin. (2014): Beziehungsdynamiken, kollektive Transformationsprozesse,  โ€žwe-spaceโ€œ โ€“ ein Vergleich integraler Landkarten  und der dazugehรถrigen Territorien. In: integrale perspektiven 28 โ€“ 6/2014

Caspari, Anne. & Schilling, Mushin. (2016). A We-Space Ecology. Cohering the Integral We Space: In: Engaging Collective Emergence, Wisdom and Healing in Groups. https://libcattest.canterbury.ac.nz/Record/2530164/TOC

Caspari, Anne  (2020): Die Politik der kleinen Schritte: Sensemaking und kollektive Verรคnderungen unter komplexen Bedingungen: In: Integrale Perspektiven, 04/20

Caspari, Anne (2021): Blog: Sense and the City: https://ezc.partners/2021/11/16/sense-and-the-city/#more-7205

Doyle, Linda  (2021): CHANGE & COMPLEXITY: VECTOR THEORY OF CHANGE A THEORY OF CHANGE FOR  COMPLEX SYSTEMS

Roy, Bonnitta:   โ€œCollective Insight Practicesโ€ Futures Thinkers Podcast; excerpt: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9nRywYh6X0, accessed 27.05.25

Roy, Bonnitta, Trudel, Jean: (2011): Leading the 21st Century : The Conception-Aware, Object-Oriented Organization. In: Integral Review

Smith, Bethan (2022): Active Sensemaking, Sense-Making, Sensemaker: Apocalypse of The Proven Words

Snowden, Dave (2016): Keynote Talk @AcademiWales: โ€œHow leaders change culture through small actionsโ€. Accessed on 10.07.2025 

Snowden, Dave (2017): Blog Post: Scaling in Complex Systems

Snowden, Dave (2019): โ€œHow to organize a childrenโ€™s partyโ€ TED x Nicosia

Snowden, Dave (2023): Managing for emergence.  

The Cynefin Company:  Wiki: SenseMaker https://cynefin.io/wiki/SenseMaker 

https://cynefin.io/wiki/Schools_of_sense-making

https://cynefin.io/wiki/Anthro-complexity

**This is the third of a series of three essays that Anne has contributed to Emerge over the last two months as part of our exploration of coherence in the context of the Erasmus+ research project Cohere+. In the Cohere+ project, we have used the SenseMaker App to determine if and when groups are falling out of coherence. This article appeared first here: Whatisemerging.com Pictures by Anne & Anna Caspari.


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Der folgende Artikel ist in der Online-Zeitschrift “Integrale Perspektiven” IP-2020: Integrale Politik erschienen: https://www.integralesforum.org/integrale-perspektiven/2020/198-ip-04-2020-integrale-politik/5275-die-politik-der-kleinen-schritte-sensemaking-und-kollektive-veraenderung-unter-komplexen-bedingungen-von-anne-caspari

Die Politik der kleinen Schritte: Sensemaking und kollektive Verรคnderung unter komplexen Bedingungen. Von Anne Caspari (LiFT)

Logo Integrale PerspektivenDie zwei groรŸen Krisen unserer Zeit, Covid-19 und der Klimawandel, sind Indikatoren fรผr das generelle Scheitern unserer globalisierten, abhรคngig und zerbrechlich gemachten Systeme. Gleichzeitig zeigt sich die Politik nach wie vor in der Versuchung, Komplexitรคt und Unsicherheit mit unzulรคssiger Vereinfachung, Verflachung und Gewissheitsversprechen zu begegnen.

Die Krise der Verwirrung

Kollektiv befinden wir uns in einer Phase tiefer Verunsicherung und Verwirrung. Im Moment scheint es, dass sich unsere eigenen Interessen auf vielen verschiedenen Ebenen unseres Arbeits- und Privatlebens selbst widersprechen. Wir mรผssen zwischen unabdingbaren Grundwerten abwรคgen, und es scheint, als stรผnde Arbeit gegen Gesundheit, Gesundheit gegen Freiheit, Aktivismus gegen ร–kologie, Wirtschaftsinteressen gegen รœberlebenschancen, Jung gegen Alt, Ethik gegen Pragmatismus.

Es handelt sich nicht so sehr um eine kollektive Identitรคtskrise, wie sie beispielsweise bei der Flรผchtlingsthematik in Deutschland aufkam. Diese aktuelle Krise geht tiefer; es ist eine multiple Sinnkrise, sie betrifft jede und jeden, betrifft alle Aspekte unseres Seins. Und damit nicht genug: Haben wir einen Sinn gefunden, entgleitet er uns gleich wieder. Etwas, das in einem Kontext Sinn macht, bewirkt im nรคchsten Kontext das Gegenteil. Soziale Distanz als notwendige MaรŸ-nahme auf der einen Seite lรคsst auf der anderen Seite zu, dass alte, kranke Menschen allein sterben. Die aus Sicht der Pandemie sinnvolle Distanz kostet durch die Unterbrechung globaler Werteketten mรถglicherweise ein Vielfaches an Menschenleben durch Hunger und andere sekundรคre und tertiรคre Folgeerscheinungen. Wir stecken in einer nie vorher dagewesenenย Krise der Verwirrung: Wir schaffen es nicht, das, was um uns herum geschieht, in Echtzeit sinnvoll zu verarbeiten, um handeln zu kรถnnen.

Dieserย Crisis of Sensemaking[1]ย [2]ย sind wir, sind unsere Politiker derzeit nur unzureichend gewachsen.ย Neue Politik, im besten, integralen Sinne, muss lernen, auf die Phรคnomene rund um Verwirrung auf der einen, undย Sensemakingย auf der anderen Seite zu achten, insbesondere wenn Menschen von der den Entwicklungen innewohnenden Mehrdeutigkeit รผberfordert sind. Hier, auf dieser Ebene, wohnen die ร„ngste, Sorgen, Widersprรผche, Werte, Ideen, Frustrationen, Schatten, Wรผnsche und Begehren. Werden sie nicht gehรถrt, suchen sich diese Energien Auswege, die mittlerweile allzu bekannt sind.

Was also, wenn man einmal wirklich, tiefer, hinhรถren wรผrde? Was sind also die ร„ngste, Sorgen, die Ideen, die Trends, die aus dem System kommenden Signale, die Frรผhwarnzeichen fรผr gerade stattfindende oder nรถtige Verรคnderungen? Was erzรคhlen sich die Menschen darรผber, wie sie die Krise erleben und verstehen? Und natรผrlich: wie kann auf dieser Grundlage kollektive Verรคnderung erfolgen? Wie kann hier ein neues, sinnvolles Narrativ entstehen?

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What do we need to know to develop good decision-making for both normal and complex conditions?

Despite the importance, impact and frequency with which we make decisions in our private and professional lives on a daily basis, the actual process of making a decision is surprisingly unknown to us.ย And that is the case, whether the decisions are made in normal or under complex conditions. Many people just don’t know how to do it:ย making good decisions.

For many people, decision-making is more like a process of guessing or betting on a result, be that what they eat in a restaurant to choosing a job or investing in the stock market. Many even inform themselves, ask the right questions, but when it comes to act ofย the actual decision, they muddle through, decide somehow, and hope for a good result.

The Black Box

From cognitive science (and here: Dave Snowden), we know that people make decisions through a way that is called โ€œconceptual blendingโ€:ย Being faced with a decision we scan only about 5%-10% of the information available and then do aย first fitย pattern match (not aย best fitย pattern match) with multiple fragmented memories in a subconscious process. This process, where we assemble some knowledge, blend in some memories, โ€“ especially the recently activated ones โ€“ย leads then to a unique course of action, that often defies logic and insight. Since most of the time we are not aware of these processes,ย we have come to label this black box process โ€œintuitionโ€ or โ€œgut feelingโ€.

When asked about the actual decision-making process that other people could coherently follow, even senior leaders tend to a list of actions rather than coming up with a comprehensible process. People also often invent a story according to which the decision makes sense afterwards. It is strange that this story depends heavily on the result of the decision: if you were successful, the decision-making process is told very differently than in the case of a failure. Cognitive scientists call this phenomenon of experiencing or describing a decision as good or something that made sense in hindsight โ€œretrospective coherenceโ€ โ€“ also not really a reliable process.

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The trouble with decision making (DM) as a topic is its complex character which is doesnโ€™t lend itself well to unpack it in a linear modality. For as soon as we want to dive further into our process, we have to determine first which domain we are finding ourselves in: an ordered domain or a complex one?

Most people seem to conflate #riskย withย #uncertainty. However, risk can be calculated by algorithms and described by probability in stochastics.ย  Whether that is the probability of winning or losing at the casino or the risks of flying an airplane under normal conditions.

With uncertainty, all bets are off. The outcome cannot be known or calculated. Both conditions require very different approaches to decision making. The best decision under risk is not the best decision under uncertainty.

Interesting added dimension: DM researcher @Gerd Gigerenzer states that with high uncertainty and unstable conditions, with only little data available but many variables, experienced experts do better relying on their (trained!) #intuition or simple #heuristicsย rather than trusting complicated algorithms and calculation models as DM support. Novices should instead train their intuition first before relying on it. And for anything that can be calculated (risk), algorithms can help. Most DM researchers argue for a good mix of the use of intuition and formal decision making support.

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In the last blogย I ended with establishing a baseline around decision making, drawing on the Lectical Decision Making Assessment (LDMA) and Russo & Schoemaker (โ€œWinning Decisionsโ€):
  1. Framing: the general goal of the decision maker including the way they think about the knowledge upon which they base their decision
  2. A realistic approach to gathering intelligence
  3. Coming to Conclusions: organising and analysing the information and a way to coordinate different perspectives (weighing)
  4. An approach to communicating and implementing the decision made
  5. Learning from Experience, including a way to measure the decisionโ€™s effectiveness so adjustments can be made

It seems that already the first step,ย Framing, is much undervalued, or even overlooked. The way we frame a problem exerts enormous control over the options we recognize, the data we collect and the solutions we choose.

Poor framing can lead people to sensible-sounding but fundamentally limited views of the world to structure their decision making process. According to Russo & Schoemaker (โ€œWinning Decisionsโ€), we experience frames when we meet people who just seem to immediately understand us. Or in the frustration of trying to talk with others who just donโ€™t seem to get it, no matter how much we try to explain. Cognitive scientist call these different ways of looking at the world โ€œframesโ€. They are mental structures that simplify and guide our understanding of a complex reality. Everyone must inevitable adopt some kind of simplifying perspective.

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With the amount of decisions that we make every day, it is astonishing that the process of making decisions is not well understood. So how do we make the best choice?

The very act of deciding seems a bit like the piece of soap in the bathtub: the more you want to get a grip on it the more it slips away. Much is talked today about VUCA conditions, and decision-making in complex adaptive spaces with highly uncertain outcomes, volatile ingredients and complex relationships are a different animal all together to deal with. Many leaders that we worked with, when asked to portrait their decision-making process in a way that it could be followed or repeated by others, tend to come up with a list of actions rather than a solid decision-making process. That made us curious. We ventured more into the terrain of choice-making.

The weird thing is that even in โ€˜normalโ€™ conditions people are not aware of how they make choices. Some people pose their questions attentively, gather relevant information superbly and then โ€œwingโ€ it with the actual act of deciding. And then come up with a perfect explanation in hindsight.

So, starting to establish a baseline around decision making, letโ€™s consider basic steps, drawing on the Lectical Decision Making Assessment and Russo & Schoemaker (Winning Decisions):

  1. Framing: the general goal of the decision maker including the way they think about the knowledge upon which they base their decision
  2. A realistic approach to gathering intelligence
  3. Coming to Conclusions: organising and analysing the information and a way to coordinate different perspectives (weighing)
  4. An approach to communicating and implementing the decision made
  5. Learning from Experience, including a way to measure the decisionโ€™s effectiveness so adjustments can be made

Outlook: In some next blogs I intend to bring in more and more layers of decision making, exploring input from different topics, authors, influenzers ย and frameworks: Dave Snowden, Gary Klein, Bonnitta Roy, Gerd Gigerenzer, Andy Clarke; Lectica.org; concepts/models/ methods: Framing, Cognitive Biases; Intuition; Sensemaking; Cynefin Framework, OODA Loop, Risk vs. Uncertainty, Heuristics, Constraints, Learning, Failure, Innovation, Theory of Change….

This is a recent interview conducted by Joanne Wood for a partner organisation Rise Beyond, UK:

A conversation with Anne Caspari

Anne is a specialist in transformative processes and change, for both personal and leadership development. With a MSc/MPhil in Ecology and Environmental Development from Hannover University, Germany, she draws on three decades of experience with complex systems, adaptive pushback and obstacles to self-organisation. This knowledge, combined with more than 18 years of work on adult development (developmental coaching) and transformation gives her a unique edge. She works with teams and groups to tap into what is actually happening, uncovering obstacles and pushback in the business ecology and setting free team intelligence and alignment.

Jo:ย I would love to get an idea of what your focus is on at the moment.

Anne: We are focusing on both personal transformation and organisational change. And on the interfaces between both. For personal transformation we run courses at our retreat centre. The people who come are already quite aware of their patterns, just not sure how to integrate them. Some of them are also coaches and change professionals. What do they want to work on? It’s different for everybody, it could be in a job, money, relationship, health, something you are doing to keep you in a certain place, and you are sick and tired of it.. We work with them on the capacity to find these patterns, resolve the underlying resistance and the ability to deal with whatever it is, to be with what you normally push away into either the subconscious or outside of yourself. For example this could show up as blaming everyone else for triggering your anger.

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Complexity Coaches

โ€œThe temptation to lead as a chess master, controlling each move of the organization, must give way to an approach as a gardener, enabling rather than directing. A gardening approach to leadership is anything but passive.
The leader acts as an โ€œEyes-On, Hands-Offโ€ enabler who creates and maintains an ecosystem in which the organization operates.โ€

โ€• Stanley McChrystal, Team of Teams: New Rules of Engagement for a Complex World

Coaching and Leadership from a Complexity Perspective 

Complexity science and application alter the way we look at change, transformation, leadership and organisational development.

Todayโ€™s leaders are asked to navigate in complex environments, while most of their technical skill sets enable them for more transactional, expert-style interactions. The distinction between complex and complicated domains has become a crucial one in the VUCA world, with a capital C for Complexity.

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has made it quite clear that the world has become more volatile and unpredictable. Uncertainty and ambiguity are no longer buzzwords, but people have a felt sense of what it means to face these challenges for real on a daily basis in both personal and professional life.

โ€œIn a world where causality is systemic, entangled, in flux, and often elusive, we cannot design for absolute outcomes. Instead, we need to design for emergence. โ€œ Ann Pendleton-Jullian

How to respond to an increasingly โ€˜white water worldโ€™ is the primary challenge facing todayโ€™s leaders and leadership, and it changes coaching and leadership development accordingly in these contexts. 

There is an emerging quality, a different dimension, that defines coaching and leadership development from a complexity viewpoint:

The complexity part signifies, that we draw on a multitude of perspectives based on a coherent theory and practice of leadership for todayโ€™s disruptive, volatile, and intensively networked society. We are committed to working with what is, with probing, sensing and safe-to-fail experiments for adaptive contexts.  

The coaching aspect means that we donโ€™t come with ready-made solutions and recipes and that we enable our clients, private and corporate, to find their own solutions in the circumstances of their everyday challenges. However, complexity coaching goes beyond the aspect of bringing out the fullest personal and professional potential in a leader. It brings in the whole relationship with peopleโ€™s embeddedness in different systems and environments. Complexity coaching looks as much at the systemic context, the โ€˜in-betweenโ€™ and the relationship dynamics as well as the actions and skills of individual leaders. 

“Seeking the ideal has a long history, it produces many saints but few paradigm changes”.ย Dave Snowden

We work with developmental modelsย and find them helpful in many ways, especially when working with leadership development. We draw on models from different researchers, such as Susanne Cook-Greuter (ego development), Bill Torbert (action logics), Robert Kegan (orders of consciousness and immunity to change) or Theo Dawson and her team (Lectica/LDMA). photo-1439337153520-7082a56a81f4-landscape

We work with developmental models where they are adequate in order to cope with ever increasing complexity in the VUCA world.ย We don’t focus on teaching people to think at “higher levels”.ย “Higher levels of performance emerge when knowledge is adequately elaborated and the environment supports higher levels of thinking and performance. We focus on helping people to think better at their current level and challenging them to elaborate their current knowledge and skills”ย  (Theo Dawson). Read More